Time Machine By Herbert Wells Essays - Fiction, Literature

Time Machine by Herbert Wells Time travel. A thought that has interested humanity forever. The shear thought of traveling through the texture of time is both a fascinating and invigorating idea. All through time, many creator's have firmly anticipated the future through their books, and who's to state H.G. Wells wont follow the certifiable strides of these creators with The Time Machine? Is the plan to far gotten? The time traveler in the story didn't think along these lines, all however others didn't concur. Be that as it may, who can anticipate what's to come? Possibly we have just been visited by individuals from the future and don't have any acquaintance with it. This book is a magnificent look at the inquiries time travel raises, and I will expand on this extraordinary novel in the coming passages. The time machine happens in the nineteenth to twentieth century, or the here and now some place on Earth. That is, from the start. The time traveler as he is refereed to in this book, immediately chose to leave for some other time span. This time span tragically being in the amazingly far future year of 802,700. Nothing in this time span is equivalent to his, he may too be a stone age man. This timeframe appeared to be captivating, with a culture that has arrived at a condition of perfect world, or so no doubt. He would find that everything isn't great, seeing as his lone connection back to his own timeframe had immediately been cut off. There are just a couple of characters in this novel. The initial one we meet is obviously the primary character, the time traveler himself. We likewise meet the individuals he related himself and offers his revelations with. Two that we find out about the longest are Filby, who is a red haired man who is very contentious and has an arrival remark for each one made, and the therapist, who is a smooth, not target individual... these two characters nearly differentiate each other character savvy. The primary character in the story is a very intriguing one without a doubt. He has characteristics that make for a genuinely assorted person. From the outset, it would appear to you that this man is somewhat insane. A few depicted him along these lines, which is exceptionally anticipated. Time travel in this time span and at in the time period in novel is something tied in legitimately with fiction. It didn't and still doesn't have any logical premise in our general public, in any case, it is something that might be exceptionally sensible sometime in the future. The time traveler saw this was the ideal opportunity for that fiction to be changed into the real world, and henceforth he made his time machine. He got the analysis that went with the job, yet he additionally got some acclaim. The primary character was not just a genuine virtuoso for his development, however he was additionally a creative individual. He should have been both shrewd what's more, ingenious to make due later on, a world so not the same as his. He was additionally sentenced, he never abandoned what he put forth a concentrated effort to. The time voyagers reason in the novel was being the principle connect to everything going on, also, to be the focal point of the considerable number of occasions inside the novel. He created, tried, also, utilized the time machine and it's way of thinking. He is a static character, as he remains the equivalent all through a large portion of the novel. The main thing that changes is his impression of specific things, and his insight into what's to come. The character doesn't identify with anybody, all things considered, as I would see it. He has the attributes of some extraordinary individuals however, he has those of a pioneer, a researcher, and a warrior. The topic of the story as I would see it is don't stress about the future, endure the present. This is applied effectively to reality. Individuals need to live their lives not agonizing over the future, and rather pondering the present and making the most out of the day. Time travel might be something intriguing, yet for the time being I think in the wake of perusing the story, we should stress over the present.

International business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Global business - Assignment Example Face book gives and makes and compelling stage for creating and improving the association between the improvement of the business and the non-benefit association for directing great social projects. Face book alone serves and incorporates 1.11 billion clients over the world. Facebook can be considered conceivably for giving business to the a great many clients in the new and developing business sector. The advancement of the face book over the world has expanded the unpredictability of the world. The multifaceted nature involves the chances and the deterrents for completing worldwide business that are tested ceaselessly. Face book has neglected to enter and infiltrate in the Chinese market due to the talk which in demonstrates that it might go into organization with Baidu which will infiltrate the Chinese market and will conquer the boundaries that have settled or built up the web brands of US in China. In any case, all things considered, face book may confront the control which is r ehearsed by every single Chinese site. The progressions and change in the innovation have built up the instrument towards the development and advancement of the worldwide business. The decrease of the hindrance in the development of the exchange and the capital has brought about the progression of the import, send out and the outside direct venture. The worldwide association has created as the prime operator of the coordination of the universal economies. The worldwide business advances and improves the capacity for creating developments and conveying the products and enterprises in the market. The developing and advancement of the new industrialized nations, for example, China has lead to the improvement of the exercises identified with universal business. At the firm level the efficiency, cost and the piece of the overall industry are completely considered as the prime pointer for expanding the intensity in the universal business. The economies have augmented and extended in the ongoing years due to the

Alumnae receive Fulbright-Clinton fellowships COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Alumnae receive Fulbright-Clinton fellowships COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Congratulations to Meghan Arakelian, MPA-DP 15, and Abigail Gregg, MPA-DP 15, newly named recipients of Fulbright-Clinton Fellowships for 2015-16. According to the U.S. State Department, which administers the fellowship program, Fulbright-Clinton Fellows serve in professional placements as special assistants in foreign government ministries or institutions and gain hands-on public sector experience in participating foreign countries while simultaneously carrying out an academic research/study project. Arakelian and Gregg recent SIPA alumnae who account for two out of just 19 fellowships awarded overall are both awaiting placement in Timor-Leste. Official biographies (courtesy Fulbright-Clinton Fellowship program) Meghan Arakelian holds a master of public administration in development practice from Columbia SIPA and a bachelor of arts in international affairs from the George Washington University. Her graduate studies were guided by an interest in nutrition policy. She completed an independent study as a member of the core writing and data analysis team for the International Food Policy Research Institute’s Global Nutrition Report. Working with a team of graduate student consultants for the World Food Programme, Ms. Arakelian drafted country synthesis reports on nutrition governance for Bangladesh, Nepal, Rwanda, and Uganda. She also completed an internship in Nepal with the World Food Programme, working with the UN REACH Partnership on nutrition governance and multi-sectoral approaches to nutrition. Prior to graduate school, Arakelian worked at Philantropia, a development consultancy based in New York, engaging with NGOs working in international development and human rights. While at Philantropia, she designed fundraising plans, researched prospective donors, and provided strategic resource mobilization advice for organizations in over forty countries. Ms. Arakelian has co-led NGO capacity building trainings in Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America. As a Fulbright-Clinton Fellow, Arakelian hopes to gain experience developing policies to reduce stunting and malnutrition in Timor-Leste. She plans to research holistic approaches to nutrition, specifically operational and technical synergies across relevant ministries. Abigail Gregg holds a master of public administration in development practice from Columbia SIPA. She received bachelor degrees in anthropology and English (creative writing) from the University of Southern California.   Gregg is a wilderness emergency medical technician certified by the Wilderness Medicine Institute of the National Outdoor Leadership School. At USC, Gregg conducted fieldwork in South Los Angeles, Cambodia, and Brazil. Her work in Los Angeles explored food security and environmental health issues, and community response to these problems. In Cambodia, she worked with the Shoah Foundation and the Documentation Center of Cambodia, recording testimony from survivors and perpetrators of the Cambodian genocide. In Brazil, Gregg produced an ethnography of street food vendors and their role in cultural and economic identities. While at Columbia, Gregg returned to Brazil to work with the Sustainable Development Solutions Network for the Amazon and their host, the Amazonas Sustainable Foundation. Her coursework at SIPA primarily focused on crisis prevention and response though environmental management. She is currently a research fellow for the Advanced Consortium on Cooperation, Conflict, and Complexity at Columbia University’s Earth Institute, where she is part of a joint research team with Columbia Law School’s Human Rights Institute, addressing Papua New Guinea’s mining sector. As a Fulbright-Clinton Fellow, Gregg intends to focus on natural disaster risk and preparedness in Timor-Leste’s conservation areas and explore options for joint conservation and resilience initiatives. Photographs of Meghan Arakelian (left) and Abigail Gregg courtesy U.S. State Department

Alumnae receive Fulbright-Clinton fellowships COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Alumnae receive Fulbright-Clinton fellowships COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Congratulations to Meghan Arakelian, MPA-DP 15, and Abigail Gregg, MPA-DP 15, newly named recipients of Fulbright-Clinton Fellowships for 2015-16. According to the U.S. State Department, which administers the fellowship program, Fulbright-Clinton Fellows serve in professional placements as special assistants in foreign government ministries or institutions and gain hands-on public sector experience in participating foreign countries while simultaneously carrying out an academic research/study project. Arakelian and Gregg recent SIPA alumnae who account for two out of just 19 fellowships awarded overall are both awaiting placement in Timor-Leste. Official biographies (courtesy Fulbright-Clinton Fellowship program) Meghan Arakelian holds a master of public administration in development practice from Columbia SIPA and a bachelor of arts in international affairs from the George Washington University. Her graduate studies were guided by an interest in nutrition policy. She completed an independent study as a member of the core writing and data analysis team for the International Food Policy Research Institute’s Global Nutrition Report. Working with a team of graduate student consultants for the World Food Programme, Ms. Arakelian drafted country synthesis reports on nutrition governance for Bangladesh, Nepal, Rwanda, and Uganda. She also completed an internship in Nepal with the World Food Programme, working with the UN REACH Partnership on nutrition governance and multi-sectoral approaches to nutrition. Prior to graduate school, Arakelian worked at Philantropia, a development consultancy based in New York, engaging with NGOs working in international development and human rights. While at Philantropia, she designed fundraising plans, researched prospective donors, and provided strategic resource mobilization advice for organizations in over forty countries. Ms. Arakelian has co-led NGO capacity building trainings in Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America. As a Fulbright-Clinton Fellow, Arakelian hopes to gain experience developing policies to reduce stunting and malnutrition in Timor-Leste. She plans to research holistic approaches to nutrition, specifically operational and technical synergies across relevant ministries. Abigail Gregg holds a master of public administration in development practice from Columbia SIPA. She received bachelor degrees in anthropology and English (creative writing) from the University of Southern California.   Gregg is a wilderness emergency medical technician certified by the Wilderness Medicine Institute of the National Outdoor Leadership School. At USC, Gregg conducted fieldwork in South Los Angeles, Cambodia, and Brazil. Her work in Los Angeles explored food security and environmental health issues, and community response to these problems. In Cambodia, she worked with the Shoah Foundation and the Documentation Center of Cambodia, recording testimony from survivors and perpetrators of the Cambodian genocide. In Brazil, Gregg produced an ethnography of street food vendors and their role in cultural and economic identities. While at Columbia, Gregg returned to Brazil to work with the Sustainable Development Solutions Network for the Amazon and their host, the Amazonas Sustainable Foundation. Her coursework at SIPA primarily focused on crisis prevention and response though environmental management. She is currently a research fellow for the Advanced Consortium on Cooperation, Conflict, and Complexity at Columbia University’s Earth Institute, where she is part of a joint research team with Columbia Law School’s Human Rights Institute, addressing Papua New Guinea’s mining sector. As a Fulbright-Clinton Fellow, Gregg intends to focus on natural disaster risk and preparedness in Timor-Leste’s conservation areas and explore options for joint conservation and resilience initiatives. Photographs of Meghan Arakelian (left) and Abigail Gregg courtesy U.S. State Department

Teamwork Essay - 935 Words

Teamwork Essay Teamwork is becoming the norm in organisations around the world (Kozlowski and Bell, 2003). Reasons have been proposed to explain why teamwork exists by (Cohen and Bailey, 1997). They suggest organisations can develop and deliver products in a speedy and cost effective manner. More so, teams are the best way to establish organisational strategy. Teamwork was defined by (Kozlowski and Bell, 2003) as the composition of two or more individuals who share tasks and work towards a common goal. They emphasise the importance of collaboration and cooperation. Teamwork has three important dimensions. Firstly, technical dimension relates to the division of labour and who does what task and when etc. Governance refers to authority and†¦show more content†¦Teams are often embedded in larger organisational systems, the effectiveness of teams may depend on wider contextual factors. Conflict within the organisation such as their wider objectives may impede a team so a team must operate with in the company’s boundaries. (Hackman, 2002) suggests teams do not operate in an organisational vacuum. Team effectiveness relies on supportive organisational context that reinforces a team based structure. (Hackman, 2002) argues three systems can increase the likelihood of team success. Firstly, we have the education system which offers training and technical aid to a team. Then we have the information system which provided necessary data to complete the task. Lastly is the reward system which encourages rewards to all members equally to reduce inequality. The team objectives make up the first part of the processes. Teams should have a common purpose and clear objectives free from ambiguity. Reflexivity is the next stage and this helps to overcome team frustrations and any confusion regarding objectives. This is done by reflecting on immediate and long-term objectives on a regular basis by meeting and sharing information. Decision making is the next component; research has shown that teams make better decisions than individuals however there are certain process losses which can affect decisions. One of these is social conformity; the tendency to go along this the majority decision and exclude your opinion.Show MoreRelatedEssay on Factors for Effective Teamwork1415 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent reasons groups are formed. Purpose, roles, status, affiliation etc. are the reason of group join. The group behaviour model can be depicted as follows: Figure 4.1: Group Behaviour Model [AO 4.2] 4.2 Development Factors of Effective Teamwork Trust and communication is the first prerequisite for effective team. In order make a team effective, the team building strategies with some specific attributes are required. The major reason for effective team work is trust, communication andRead MoreImportance Of Teamwork Essay959 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of Teamwork Teamwork is considered beneficial to productivity and unavoidable in most companies, yet teams do not automatically happen, they progress through the following five stages to mature. It takes cooperation, willingness to work together and conquering one’s own personality to become a functioning team. Relying on a group of people to successfully complete a task necessitates that, they overcome their weaknesses and combine their strengths. A team is only as strong as its weakestRead MoreTeamwork Essay1232 Words   |  5 PagesTeamwork can be defined as the ability to work cooperatively with others and work together as opposed to separately or competitively to achieve a common goal. Teamwork is used in all aspects of life. Analyze any situation or task involving more than one person: in almost all cases, the outcome can only   be positive if a sufficient amount of teamwork is used. For example, a marriage will only work if both   partners put in the effort. A sports team will not be successful unless the team works togetherRead MoreTeamwork Essay988 Words   |  4 PagesTeamwork is used almost every day, whether it is at work, school, or even at home and it has a very important part in our lives. Teamwork is an action by a group of people and is a skill that is required. When in a team, you are given specific roles you are responsible for in order for the team to prosper. In the articles â€Å"The Secrets of Great Teamwork† by Martine Haas and Mark Mortensen and La Vida Robot by Joshua Davis, both authors demonstrate their knowledge and perspectives on what it takesRead MoreReflective Writing on Team Work Essay1542 Words   |  7 PagesA Reflective Paper On The Importance On Teamwork Nursing Essay What is a team work? Team work can be defined as when actions of individuals are brought together for the purpose of a common goal. Each person in a team puts his efforts to achieve the objectives of large group. Teams make efforts to achieve the success but not necessarily the success is achieved every time. Within a team every member plays a role to achieve the team’s objectives. These roles add new and important dimensions to interactionsRead MoreThe Presentation Of The Team Members Who Come From Different Cultures And Backgrounds794 Words   |  4 PagesTeamwork was a really grateful process and significant experience in my Managing Organizations and People course study. The teamwork training was very memorable. After more than two weeks of running, there are many impressive events that happened. From those events, I felt change and also helped develop myself in some areas. In this reflection essay, the main purpose is to find out whether I was suitable to my other three team members who come from different cultures and backgrounds, whether I haveRead MoreEvaluate the Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization for Business1101 Words   |  5 PagesEssay Title: How can effective teamwork in organisations make business more profitable? Nowadays, most of the organizations try to develop some kind of teamwork in their businesses. Teamwork originated in workplaces, since people began to operate collectively through organisations. Over the years various rules, ideas, practices and theories that constitute the evolution of teamwork and management have developed. Teamwork can be considered one of the oldest human activities. The ancient ChineseRead MoreI Want to Become an Effective Leader and Engineer1149 Words   |  5 Pagesand also an effective team leader. As a students you need to uses teamwork and leaderships skills in participating with others to accomplish organizational goals and objectives. The student should prepare to apply a team building skills, apply decision making and problem-skills, be aware of making a teamwork and leadership attributes in creating a enjoyable work environment, Determine the impact of cultural diversity on teamwork; and collaborate in community service opportunities to improve prof essionalRead MoreA Research On Team Work1178 Words   |  5 Pagesultimately develop effective and mutual relationships to achieve the set goals(Harris and Harris,1996). An effective teamwork depends on the rapport present between all members of the team leading to the creation of an environment where they are all willing to contribute and participate in order to promote a positive and effective team environment.Research has shown that for teamwork to be successful,every member of the team must be committed to the shared goal and they must also be willing to promoteRead MoreMy Major Is Healthcare Administration Essay717 Words   |  3 Pagestardy on projects. Dominic and Hamazah really worked hard for this project. There went above and all for visual layout of website and content. I would like to express a huge thank you to them. Building high-performance teams and communication Essay It is also easy to claim that we are great team, we are the best. Saying is a factor but results are the conclusion. A team often ends up having a great result. Sometimes there is huge coordination between team members and end up getting fewer success

Impact of Financial Literacy on Financial Inclusion and...

Abstract: Financial inclusion has recently become the buzzword among the policymakers and bankers and in academic research. It is considered as an integral part of the efforts to promote inclusive economic growth. Financial inclusion has been the utmost priority for the government of India as well as the Reserve Bank of India. One of the executive at a prominent Public Sector Bank says, Financial Inclusion is a social obligation for the government, and social obligation, mandatory obligation as well as Business opportunity for the banks and financial institutions. Financial inclusion represents the access to safe, easy and affordable financial services for poor, vulnerable groups, disadvantaged areas for accelerated growth and for†¦show more content†¦Financial inclusion and financial literacy: Having understood the simple meaning of financial literacy, now its time to get an understanding of financial literacy and its impact on financial inclusion. Financial inclusion: Before entering the concept of financial inclusion, let’s have a look at some statistics: †¢ There are 403 million mobile users in India and out of them 46% does not have bank accounts. †¢ Nearly 400 million Indians have bank accounts and that is less than 40% of country’s population. †¢ Account holding pattern of India, 39% of rural population have bank accounts and while 60% of urban population have accounts. †¢ Only 5.2% of India’s 6,50,000 villages have bank branches. †¢ Nearly 80% of the Indian population is without life, health and non-life insurance coverage while whole life insurance coverage is 4%, and 0.6% have non-life cover. †¢ Rural India accounts for just 9% of total deposits, 7% of total credit and 10% of life insurance and 0.6% of non-life insurance. On one hand we talk about the increasingly aware Indian Middle classes who have access to disposable income and we also talk about how banks are providing them with various innovative new and attractive schemes and products and thereby are offering them with a safe and secure future. With all these and much more, by keeping in mind the recent statistics, can India really march ahead while the

Age Of Enlightenment Essay - 1165 Words

Throughout history mankind has transformed into a highly developed and cultured society, driven on the foundations of one vital key factor in our evolution that set humans apart from other species entirely, the ability to think. If humans did not possess the ability to think, there would be no change or development of our species as a whole and individually. By challenging the natural process of evolution and defying the odds, humans carved their way into this world to leave their mark. A time period in history where thinking began to dig deeper and defining one s philosophical thoughts became a prevalent and popular subject to indulge in was The Age of Enlightenment. During this age, many philosophers who studied the fundamental nature†¦show more content†¦Rome is where Borelli would meet his next teacher, Benedetto Antonio Castelli , a former professor of mathematics who would help guide and shape Borelli’s interests of studies. â€Å"introduced by Campanella to B enedetto Antonio Castelli who had come to Rome... giving courses on Euclid s Elements and Apollonius s Conics. Borelli attended these courses...a pupil of Castelli and...became an expert on Euclid and Apollonius.† During his scholar years under Castelli, Borelli earned a reputation as a â€Å" as an exceptionally good mathematician.† http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Borelli.html Due to this reputation he gained, Borelli earned the first of many oppurtunies he would be presented to as a philosopher when he was made a teacher at the university. â€Å"Borelli was appointed as a lecturer in mathematics at the University of Messina in Sicily after being recommended by Castelli.† CITE By transitioning from student to teacher, a vast amount of doors opened for him as Borelli was now on the same level as hisShow MoreRelated Age of Enlightenment Essay2052 Words   |  9 Pages The 18th century is referred to as the ‘Age of Enlightenment’. The trends in thought and letters from Europe to the American colonies brought a new light and attention upon mankind. This new movement described a time in Western philosophy and cultural life in which reason was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority. ‘To understand the natural world and humankinds place in it solely on the basis of reason and without turning to religious belief was the goal of the wide-rangingRead MoreThe Age of Enlightenment Essay2088 Words   |  9 PagesThe Enlightenment was a period in the eighteenth century where change in philosophy and cultural life took place in Europe. The movement started in France, and spread to Great Britain, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Germany at more or less around the same time, the ideas starting with the most renowned thinkers and philosophers of the time and eventually being shared with the common people. The Enlightenment was a way of thinking that focused on the betterment of humanity by using logi c and reason ratherRead More Was The Enlightenment Really The Age of Reason? Essay1569 Words   |  7 Pagesconstantly building on previous insights. The Enlightenment is a historical period referring to the intellectual movement that swept across Europe in the 18th century. To tackle this question, I will be looking at two texts. The essays, ‘An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment’ by Immanuel Kant, an 18th century philosopher, and ‘What is Enlightenment’ by Michel Foucault, a 20th century philosopher. The texts show that the Enlightenment was the age of reason because it allowed individuals toRead More Paideia as Bildung in Germany in the Age of Enlightenment Essay2987 Words   |  12 PagesPaideia as Bildung in Germany in the Age of Enlightenment ABSTRACT: There have been many interpretations of Bildung in the history of German philosophy, from the Medieval mystics to the secularization of the Enlightenment. Wilhelm von Humboldts work at the end of the 18th century is a good example. He placed the idea of Bildung at the center of his work because it was rooted in a dynamic, transforming idea of the natural and human worlds while also being oriented toward a model of balance andRead More Philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment Essay examples1477 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the eighteenth century, ideas of reform started in France and spread through Europe. This period is referred to as The Age of Enlightenment. The Enlightenment carried the idea that economic change and political reform were possible. People started to think that they could use their own intellect to challenge the intellectual authority of tradition and the Christian past. The people who wrote for change and reform were called the philosophes (French for phi losophers). They wrote hoping to bringRead MoreAge of Enlightenment and Course Materials Essay1475 Words   |  6 Pagesbasic, college-level analytical essay. You may type directly into this file and then upload when finished. Remember that you need to connect what you read in the book to what you are learning from other course materials to complete you answers. Step I: Basic, factual analysis of a reading 1. List three examples of events/methods from Voltaire’s Candide which you believe best illustrate the issues related to the Scientific Revolution and to the Enlightenment. a. The reaction of the PortugueseRead MoreThe Age of Enlightenment and Rebellion against Authority Essay1023 Words   |  5 PagesThe Age of Enlightenment saw many great changes in Western Europe. It was an age of reason and philosophes. During this age, changes the likes of which had not been seen since ancient times took place. Such change affected evert pore of Western European society. Many might argue that the Enlightenment really did not bring any real change, however, there exists and overwhelming amount of facts which prove, without question, that the spirit of the Enlightenment was one of change-specifically changeRead MoreAge of Enlightenment: Revolutionary Viewpoints Spreading Essay830 Words   |  4 PagesThe age of enlightenment is a term used to describe a time in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the late 17th and 18th century. (wikipedia.com) When the word enlightenment comes to mind your first thought is of change for the better. A time of prosper ity and success within a country. Several individuals have been credited and blamed for leading and contributing to the Enlightenment. These thinkers not only changed their views, but also spread revolutionary ideas to others. TheseRead MoreEnlightenment Essay example532 Words   |  3 PagesEnlightenment Do we at present live in enlightened age? What is enlightenment? Immanuel Kant attempts to clarify the meaning of enlightenment while composing the essay, What is Enlightenment?. The goal of Kants essay was to discuss what the nature of enlightenment was. It also taught one how enlightenment can be brought about in the general public. Kant explains that, enlightenment is mans release from his self-incurred immaturity. Immaturity is mans incompetence to have directionRead MoreImmanuel Kants Age Of Enlightenment746 Words   |  3 PagesImmanuel Kant remains to this day as one of the most influential philosophes in the history of Western philosophy. In his essay writing â€Å"What is Enlightenment?† he defines enlightenment as â€Å"man’s release from his self-incurred tutelage†[1]. In order to understand Kant’s line of thinking we must understand what he meant by â€Å"tutelage†. He describes tutelage or immaturity or incompetence - â€Å"the inability to use one’s understanding without direction from another†[1]. According to Kant, immaturity is

Mining API-level Features for Robust Malware Detection in Android

Question: Discuss about the term for File management, manipulations and Permission-Model of Windows and Android Operating System? Answer: File management capabilities of Windows and Android operating system: Android file management system: The file management system of Android is quite advanced. The procedure is even better than apple ios. It allows easy access method and any other application according to the preference of the user. It does not include file manager application by default. There are some manufacturers activate preinstall their file manager application on their Android device. According to the need of the user, they mess up with this stuff. ES file explorer is maximum used file management application. The package is full of various powerful features Such as- ability to access shared networks, which is free of cost. Now it provides Holo-Style file manager interface (Aafer Yin, 2013). The user can use any of the submitted application. File system layout for the Android version: The Google Android file system is not identical to the PC's version. It includes different card those are- storage device or SD Card, official SD Card, root device or system file. It is pool storage to access and modify the file system. As on desktop operating system, some application dumps some data files (Gillett, 2013). This does not dump the confidential data as password login details rather it dumps the cache information. There are many ways to make free space on an Android device. There are few folders already existing in the apparatus. DCIM is a folder where different photos saved. File management capabilities in Windows operating system: Windows operate different operating systems Windows Vista, Windows 10, Windows 98, ME, Windows 7, NT, Windows 2000, Windows 8.1 etc. The objectives of file management are to define the terms file and folders, understanding the file and various memory storage capabilities including bytes gigabytes and kilobytes. The way to copy and create files, the method of file extension and association, and removing different files from the recycle bin. There are many ways to move files in a PC (Mehmannavaz, 2015). The built-in windows explorer, which is not similar to internet explorer, is a preferred path to be followed by the user. In the external hard disk, CD drives, hard drives stored different system. The explorer can organize and control them. File management capabilities of both the Windows and Android operating system: Discuss the merits of each file management system in Android: There are many file managers for Android. Each has some benefits and some disadvantages too. The biggest quality of Android over Windows is its ability to use Android device as a USB mass storage without string attachment. The anomalies like delete, copy, renaming are the powerful essential tools of file management. Root explorer app provides a root access capability. File expert gives access to FTP servers, shared content over Bluetooth. ES file explorer provides access to LAN, FTP, Bluetooth, and the internet (Berger, Nicklin Cain, 2013). Similarly, File Manager ES, MIUI File Explorer, File slick Explorer file management application, Total Commander provides different other permission to resolve various issues related to file management system. Windows file management system also has various advantages such as- a reduction of cost, proceeding to green, smooth workflow, higher security, reliable and flexible achievement (Wilson, 2015). Methods available for file manipulation: There are different methods followed for manipulating files. The method followed are- Clib.feof() Method tests the end of file stream Clib.fflush()Method - it flushes the stream of one or more than one open files Clib.fgetc()Method and Clib.getc()Method it gets a character from the creek file Clib.fgetpos()Method changes of cursor position in a file stream Clib.fprint()Method - write the formatted final output in the file stream Clib.fputc()Method and Clib.fputc()Method - to write characters in the file stream Clib.fputs()Method - writes string to file stream Clib.fread()Method - read information from the file stream Clib.fscan()Method -scan formatted i/p from the file stream Clib.fwrite()Method -write data to the file stream Clib.fseek()Method -set the cursor position to the file stream Clib.ftell()Method - to get the updated value of the cursor file Clib.rewind()Method - reset the file cursor The ways through which the user-define permissions implemented: The most formal model that is used by a user-defined permission is Alloy. It is a first order specified language based relational logic (Potharaju Molloy, 2012). It allows the different model to integrate other aspects of a system. It is based on official documentation on Android permission. A device consists of some relevant applications. Each of them contains zero or more than zero components. The applications change over time (Pistoia, 2015). An app may use permissions to control access to different components done by other applications. An app may assign its guard that is imposed on every individual component. The priority is based on specific permission related to the components. A set of by default build-in-permission is available in Android for the consumers. The application developers are implementing various permission models for the customer. References: Aafer, Y., Du, W., Yin, H. (2013). DroidAPIMiner: Mining API-level features for robust malware detection in android. InSecurity and Privacy in Communication Networks(pp. 86-103). Springer International Publishing. Chen, Y., Zhou, R. H. (2012). Design and implementation of mobile phone file management utility based on Android.Railway Computer Application,21(9), 47-51. Gillett Jr, R. B., Berger, M. A., Nicklin, J. C., Cain, B. E. (2013).U.S. Patent No. 8,417,746. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Hamedi, H. R., Mehmannavaz, M. R. (2015). Manipulation of tunneling induced transparency windows and optical switching features in fivefold quantum dot molecules.Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures,73, 189-197. Hay, R., Tripp, O., Pistoia, M. (2015, July). Dynamic detection of inter-application communication vulnerabilities in Android. InProceedings of the 2015 International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis(pp. 118-128). ACM. Peng, H., Gates, C., Sarma, B., Li, N., Qi, Y., Potharaju, R., ... Molloy, I. (2012, October). Using probabilistic generative models for ranking risks of android apps. InProceedings of the 2012 ACM conference on Computer and communications security(pp. 241-252). ACM. Wilson, K. (2015). File Management in Windows. InEveryday Computing with Windows 8.1(pp. 29-37). Apress.

Ancient Art essays

Ancient Art essays During the late Helladic times of 1100-1600 B.C. there were a number of settlers that settled along the southeastern shores of the Greek mainland. These inhabitants were called Mycenaeans. The Mycenaeans were the first regarded as having come from Crete but not agreed they were descendants of early Greek clans. These people led an inconspicuous pastoral existence in their new homeland. They had tombs that had simple potter and a couple bronze weapons. During the 100 B.C. they created impressive structures such as the Treasury of Atreus which was burial place that was built with stone blocks that taper inward toward the highest points. Another impressive structure built by them was the Lioness Gate at Mycenae, which was built from large stones with carvings of Lions. These Lions symbolized the King for them. The function of the lions were to act as guardians of the gate. It is said that the Mycenae were Egyptian influenced of burial customs together with strong artistic inf luence form Crete. During 1944 in Florence Italy Leonardo Da Vinci painted his most famous portrait, the Mona Lisa. This is portrait was built from very thing layers of glaze, so thin that the entire panel seems to glow with a gentle light form within. The fame of Mona Lisa did not come from the picture alone. The most intriguing part of the picture comes from the sitters personality. The smile of the sitter has been singled out as the most mysterious. The face of the person is very individual and the Leonardo has brought out tow opposites of harmonious balance. The smile can be read in different ways. Such as and echo of a monetary mood and as a timeless symbolic expression. She had an inner glowing, smirk. The identity of the sitter was a mystery for a very long time. Recently researchers found out that she was a wife of a Florentine merchant who was born around 1479. Leo ...

Writing a Civil Engineering Term Paper That Impresses Everyone

Writing a Civil Engineering Term Paper That Impresses Everyone Civil engineering is an academic profession that is interesting to many learners. Many students across the world are enrolling for the course as learners desire to understand the design and development of structures. Civil engineering students usually become professional engineers dealing with the design, developmental, construction, and management of natural and physically built infrastructure. The course usually focuses on developing roads, bridges, canals, buildings, and dams. One of the primary skills learned by civil engineering students is writing a term paper. In this regard, the structure and makeup of the papers vary depending on the demands by the tutors. However, the civil engineering course focuses on developing a student wholesomely to have both theoretical and practical skills to create and maintain the physical environment. Whereas practical skills are vital in the execution of civil works, proficient writing ability is essential in developing building plans, editing p rogress reports, and filling grand application documents. The importance of essay writing in civil engineering is further stressed by its communication ability. Ideally, while working on large projects, communication between various sections occurs through written communication, which is often regarded as reporting. Practical assessment of structures and established recommendations are also communicated through reports thereby making essay writing a crucial part of civil engineering. Learners are involved in the report writing in civil engineering. There are those who find it hectic while others are comfortable with it. Principally, most learners prefer a one-sided learning process in which they receive information from the tutors and, in turn, are not required to produce the acquired knowledge through writing. Ideally, the unilateral approach provides an easy way of learning especially to students. However, it has a weak effect in installing vital skills that are required in the professional execution of civil engineering tasks. Moreover, the approach makes it impossible for the teachers to evaluate the students’ understanding regarding the taught information. It is critical that students view term paper writing as an essential aspect of the learning process in civil engineering. Moreover, it can be fun and enjoyable if proper considerations and tips are put in place before, during, and after the writing. In this regard, the primary aspect to posses is th e topic to cover. Furthermore, the need to have effective writing and communication skills should be complemented by the high relevance of the term paper to the information thought by instructors. Tutors also want to see how a learner can apply class knowledge to practical situations in the real world as civil engineering incorporates current influences on the environment. Choose a Striking Topic for a Term Paper in Civil Engineering Students may learn many topics during a particular term, which focus on different areas of civil engineering. The subject is wide with a variety of topics. Selecting a topic for a term paper, it is vital that it reflects aspects from all the topics within that term. Moreover, the topic should align with the objectives of the studies carried out. In developing a civil engineering term paper topic, students have to consider any questions posted by instructors, which have to be answered. In this regard, the questions can inform the learner on the type of a topic to choose. The approach limits the scope from which a topic has to be selected and eases the process for the students. In instances where there are no questions from the instructor, a student may need to evaluate the primary theme in a term’s lessons and create a topic from it. For example, if the semester’s lessons have focused on the application of civil engineering in the natural and physical environment, a student may choose a topic which evaluates the role of civil engineering in the environment. In this regard, the information used to write the term paper should come from the learned lessons. However, in term papers, one has to understand what the instructor seeks and then tailor the term paper that meets these particular needs. Primarily, in situations where there is no topic given to write a term paper on, students can consider various factors which include: Consider the history of the course. Students at different levels often write term papers during particular semesters. Therefore, it is important to evaluate and go through previous readings on civil engineering and then get to understand the particular information, which informed the student’s term paper topics. Particularly, it is important to critically analyze and relate the topics covered within previous terms. The approach helps the student not to go into a term paper writing blindly but, instead, understand how to use the class information as the primary reference for the paper. Carry out extensive research. The success of term paper writing in civil engineering is influenced significantly by how much information is presented in the paper as well as its relevance to the instructor’s needs. Furthermore, the information needs to be reliable and from credible sources. To achieve this, students have to take enough time for researching both the Internet and physical sources. Be factual. Civil engineering focuses on constructing and maintaining structures in the physical and built environment. The structures have to be safe and durable. Therefore, all the designs developed have to be 100% accurate with no margin for error. Thus, it is vital that one sticks to facts. Developing a topic that is factual is vital because it will evaluate both sides of the story and then offer an informed conclusion. Moreover, when some doubts exist in the study, learners should not draw any conclusions but offer recommendations that more research needs to be carried out to ascertain the facts concerning that particular phenomenon. Topic breakdown. A term paper topic should be designed in a way that grabs the reader’s attention. Breaking down of the subject into sub-headings and points helps to capture this attention. Relevance. The title selected should align itself with the objectives of the instructors and the class in general. The approach will ease the instructor’s role in evaluating the understanding of the issue. Moreover, the topic selected for the paper should be current. Primarily, various problems exist in the natural and physical environment. The chosen topic should be able to address these concerns within contemporary society. Current topics that can be discussed in a civil engineering term paper include: Automated highway systems; Earthquake resistant structure; Bacterial concrete; Sonication; Soil-cement; Top-down cracking. Any of these topics should be selected based on personal understanding and relevance to the learned information during the semester. After that, one can proceed to the preparation stage, which focuses on pre-writing activities. Pre-Writing Tips: Start Writing Properly Most learners face challenges in writing term papers because they do not prepare adequately. Therefore, before beginning the actual writing process, students should consider various aspects, which include: Confirming the allocated timeline for the paper: Nobody wants to be late delivering their task as it presents challenges for the instructor and is a sign of poor time management. Consequently, learners should carefully evaluate the allocated time for the task as well as other instructions. Time is crucial because it will influence how one sets up to carry out specific activities within the overall term paper. Moreover, the allocated time significantly determiners the amount of research required which can also inform a learner about the instructor’s objectives. In this regard, an extended timeframe for a short paper may indicate that the instructor wants the student to carry out extensive research on the topic. However, students should be careful with extended deadlines as they sometimes can lead to the development of laziness. Brainstorming: Once a topic is developed, particular ideas come to the mind even before carrying out any research. For a term paper, this is direct because the previously learned class lessons are the primary sources of information. Brainstorming requires that a student notes down these ideas as they come. They do not have to be positive or good ideas only, bad thoughts also have to be noted down. Furthermore, there is no need to follow any writing format or specifications during brainstorming. Free-writing: After brainstorming, students can write some of the ideas in a logical flow with complete sentences yet without consideration of writing mechanics. The approach helps one to avoid censoring ideas. For example, while writing about automated transport system, a student can note this down: All transport networks should be automated, be it the railway, road, or waterway. Also, the vessels using these systems should not affect the design of the transport networks. Moreover, people need to understand the value of automation in transport as well as should help to protect it. However, what will be the cost of these designs? Mind-Mapping: The approach refers to developing an answer or solution to a particular concern using various ideas. In this regard, one generates ideas from a specific topic and then develops other ‘sub-ideas’ from it. Mind-mapping is essential in ensuring the relevancy of the term paper to the instructors requirements. Question-Asking: Gathering information about a topic from a neutral position is tricky for some learners. The primary challenge lies in deciding what particular information should be picked and what ought to be discarded. In such situations, question asking could be essential. The technique involves asking yourself questions about the selected topic and then finding solutions to it. In the end, one manages to gain more insight into the title as more questions are developed then answered. For example, Question What are the primary start points in automating a road network? Response weighbridges, speed traps, and street lighting. The Key Concepts and Terminologies in Civil Engineering Writing a civil engineering term paper is different from other documents in many aspects. Primarily, the concepts used are unique to engineering and have to relate to the topics learned in class. Ideally, the terms are part of concepts taught by instructors with few additions from the carried out research. However, it is important to use common terminologies, which will be understood easily by the instructor as well as other people who might read the term paper. Common concepts in civil engineering include: Construction: The process of coming up or building infrastructure. Concrete: Is the material, which is composed of coarse and fine aggregates, bonded by the cement in the fluid form? Continuity: The transfer of loads from one member to another. Structural engineering: Organization and arrangement of components of a system. Load: Weight exerted on structural members. The stated terms are the most commonly used, but there are many others, which can be adopted in writing a civil engineering term paper. The Ultimate Writing of a Paper: The Hardest Yet the Briefest Stage The actual writing of a civil engineering term paper should begin with an outline. It should serve as a guide, which logically organizes all the ideas. Primarily, the civil engineering term paper uses a similar format as in other subjects. The term paper begins with an abstract, introduction, literature review, research methodology, results, and recommendations. However, there should be a title paper and another last page for references. Title Page: The section of the paper where the topic, name, and instructor’s details are written. Abstract: The paper section, which offers an overview of the term paper by describing the main points. Introduction: The paper’s first section which informs the readers about the topic and the primary objective. Literature Review: The section explains the studies and research articles, which have been carried out on the topic. Research methodology: Describes the techniques, which were used to gather information for the paper. Primary description includes research variables, models, and methods used. Results: The section offers a description of the findings from the research. Recommendations: The section describes the views of the researcher and possible future suggestions. Round up the Term Paper: Final Touches Our Writers Make After writing everything, a student has to read the document several times. The purpose of this is to make sure that the ideas written in the paper are the ones intended. Moreover, it is vital to ensure that all writing mechanics have been observed in the paper. Proofreading should also be done several times taking short breaks. Essential techniques while proofreading are as follows: Read the paper several times; Take breaks to relax your mind before proofreading; Proofread the paper in sections. Work on one part at a time; Ask another person to proofread the paper. References: Baker, K. M. (2016). Peer review as a strategy for improving students’ writing process. Active Learning in Higher Education, 17(3), 179-192. Cai, L. J. (2017). Students’ perceptions of academic writing: A needs analysis of EAP in China1. Asian-Focused ELT Research and Practice: Voices from the Far Edge, 127. Clevenger, C. M., Brothers, H., Abdallah, M., Wolf, K. (2017). Initial assessment of a newly launched interdisciplinary construction engineering management graduate program. Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, 143(3), 04017001. Hill, D. (2016). Engineering profession survey shows world is depending on engineers to solve key problems. Tuchscherer, R. G., Gray, R., Gray, C. A. (2017, June). Reshaping engineering classroom norms to expand the profession. In ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2017). Zha, T., Li, Z. (2016). 1. Course Description 1.1. Overview. The goal of this course is to develop (1) analytical skills to understand modern macroeconomics and (2) writing skills to compose a solid research paper. The topics cover asset pricing, the banking sector, fiscal policy, monetary policy, and bond markets (term structures). The course reviews recent financial and. Topics in Macroeconomics.

Fourth Essay Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fourth Assignment - Essay Example Each of the three books depicts a different kind of alternative family. The families in the books all have one thing in common, however. They all choose to be together and love each other regardless of anything that happens. In this way, these alternative families are able to function better than many traditional families. The theme throughout all of the books is that people find love and support in unexpected places. This doesn’t just refer to romantic love, but all kinds of love; especially the love that exists between good friends. The friends in turn use the love they’ve found to form families. The three different books all begin with traditional families that have been fractured in some way. In Plainsong, Tom Guthrie’s family is falling apart because of his wife’s growing depression, and she eventually leaves him. Victoria loses her family because first her father and then her mother have abandoned her. In Cold Mountain, almost all of the main charact ers’ close family members have died, and they all find themselves stuck far away from the places they think of as home. In Bridget Jonses’s Diary, Bridget appears to feel that her family is slowly falling apart because she has grown up and her parents’ marriage seems to be ending. In each book, the main characters must find ways to make their own new families, each in different ways. The characters in Plainsong make up many different kinds of families. ... Tom loves his children, and the loss of their mother naturally hurts them very much. The fact that they are able to accept the loss of their mother and move on shows that they love and trust their father. Even though things are hard for him, he continues doing his job as their father. When Maggie joins their family at the end, she is not completing a broken family. She is just adding an extra piece to it. Maggie chooses the McPheron brothers to take care of Victoria and her baby because she knows that they need someone to take care of just as badly as Victoria needs someone to care for her. Because the two brothers live together, they don’t realize that they need someone else until they learn to love Victoria and her child. They don’t notice how alone they are until they aren’t alone anymore. Maggie is right in thinking that the brothers are the perfect people to take care of Victoria. Their kindness is apparent right away. In comparison to her cruel mother, the McPherons are so different that Victoria is confused by them, but they end up becoming the best possible family that Victoria and her baby could have found. Her abusive boyfriend wants to take her away and have a traditional family with her—a married couple and their child. Victoria has to choose between the traditional family that society expects her to have and the quirky alternative family she has found with the McPheron brothers. Victoria chooses to stay with the brothers because they are the ones who protect her and treat her kindly. Maggie Jones is the most important character in the book. She is the one who creates families. She doesn’t just bring Victoria and the McPheron brothers together, but also brings the family created by the McPherons, Victoria and her baby

Summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summary - Assignment Example It had also adopted ‘active industrial policies’ that lured foreign investment in exchange of knowledge transfer. Another important element of its success has been its proximity to Hong Kong where inflow of capital and know how was easy. By focusing on backward areas that were near Hong Kong, it introduced reallocation of labor from agriculture to other activities. The local government and entrepreneurs were given incentives to introduce reforms. The reforms and industrial revolution was accompanied by high quality low waged human skill and infrastructure that was able to mass produce. China has not followed the traditional western culture of best practices but has concentrated on improved performance through incentive driven approach, especially during transition period of growth and development. Indeed, while China lacks in freedom, the billion plus population is high growth market for foreign investment. It has introduced fresh reforms to incorporate the concern regar ding environment concern, human rights and more conducive environment for foreign business. This is a way to declare that its growth is not merely a bubble with short life span. Reference Case study: Understanding a Development Miracle: China.

Determinants of Effective Leadership

Determinants of Effective Leadership Leadership is the behavior of an individual when he/she is directing the activities of a group towards a shared goal. A leader is seen as someone who sets the paths in an effort to influence people to adhere to those paths. Leadership is an action and not just a position. It can be shown via different people in various situations. A person is not born to be a leader but cultured through the upbringing and environment. A leaders personal characteristics are also vital for the developments and motivations of the organizations. True leaders such as the teachers who illustrated that leadership is an action (teaching and leading the students) and not a position. Touching the lives and affecting the outcome of many different expectations, a teacher is the epitome of a leader. A leader has his or her own style of motivating the people in the organizations. A leader must find the best skills in order to provide directions, motivations and purposes. Effective leaders are flexible. Organizational Leadership Model The effective leadership influence is not the same for everyone. It depends on their ranks in the organization and abilities which are required in leaders. The three basic leadership roles identified: initiation, speech, and management. 1. Initiation Initiation refers to planned decision making on policy formulation or structural change. These vital decisions are the determinants of the organizations culture and mission. 2. Speech Strategic decisions and methods designed for implementation within the establishment. It includes adjusting or adding on to the present structure towards new policy demands. 3. Management Management is putting into practice the policies and measures that are available to maintain the operations of the organization efficiently. These three kinds of Leadership are naturally executed at diverse ranks in the company with different abilities and skills. The top level management would initiate new policies that involve a change in the businesss structure or understanding the companys mission. An understanding of the entire organization, culture, mission, vision and how it correlates with the external parties is mandatory for these top level individuals. They represent the organization and what the business stands for. Understanding the policy decisions and practicing them to the existing organization via utterance or speech is usually made by the intermediate-level managers. They must uphold a two-way point of reference by taking orders from the above management and adapting them for the lower groups of people in the organization. Type of Leadership Process Typical Organizational Level Cognitive (Knowledge) Affective (Emotion) Initiation: Change, creation and elimination of structure Top echelons System perspective Charisma Speech: supplementing and piecing out of structure Intermediate levels: pivotal roles Subsystem perspective: two-way orientation Integration of primary and secondary relations: human relation skills Management: use of existing structure Lower levels Technical knowledge and understanding of system of rules Concern with equity in use of rewards and sanctions EXHIBIT 16.1 Three Leadership Patterns, Their Location in the Organization, and Their Skill Requirements  [2]   The companys policies and procedures will be administered by the Lower-level supervisors. These personnel must possess both the technical knowledge and a clear perception of the organizations rules in order to be successful. They have to continually deal with issues such equity, rewards and punishments in leading others. Leadership plays a crucial role in an organization since it always makes the difference between effective and ineffective organizations. Leadership is when a person manipulates others to perform a task at their own will which they would not normally do. Leadership is a vital process to an organization and it can be deliberated on three different stages; i.e. the individual, group and organization. Analysis at the individual stage: the leadership studies have paid attention on the successful leader personalities. Behaviors of both formal and informal leaders are focused at the group level. The effectiveness of an organization is decided by the relations between the leader, follower and circumstances. The studies have caused an emergence of situational theories or contingency theories of leadership. In Search for Leadership An organized search for leadership qualities first began after the turn of the century. The requirements in selecting and training efficient leaders were emphasized during the World War I and the quarter century between World War l and World War II; numerous studies were made to examine the personal characteristics of good leaders. These studies are usually referred as characteristic studies since the primary goal was to classify the traits and personal characteristics of successful leaders. The diverse methods used to study these leadership traits could possibly be the reason in the irregularities of the results. The manner of studies was not consistent in identifying the leaders. A majority of the studies was in comparing efficient with inefficient leaders or leaders with non-leaders. Some were identified by external observers, others selected by the group by way of recommendation or voting, nominated by observers such as teachers while some were chosen because they are in a leadership status such as student-body president or team captain. The studies were also conflicting in the way they deliberated on the traits. Some traits were measured by mental tests; others relied on viewers to spot the traits they have seen while some depended on the persons to report their own personality traits. The trait studies were quite unsatisfactory as a whole especially since they had hoped to cultivate a measure of leadership that predicted leader effectiveness accurately. The spotlight on the leadership research moved because of the flimsy results, to contingency studies which investigated more than just traits of a leader. Numerous traits formed an important divergence in leadership effectiveness and they interrelated with other conditional variables to stimulate the effectiveness of the leader. Physical Behaviors Physical factors such as height, weight, physique, energy, health, and appearance are also examined in the studies. It was concluded that there is a relationship between the above features and leadership. Apparently leaders have the tendency to be taller, heavier, better fitness, greater physique, higher energy output and more attractive in appearance. For example, executives in insurance companies were taller than policyholders, bishops were taller than clergymen, university presidents were taller than college presidents, sales managers were taller than sales representatives and railway presidents were taller than station agents. However, these types of results were not always reliable and consistent. The results neither are too weak in general and not consistent to be effective in selecting leaders nor are they helpful for training functions since not much can be made to alter most of these physical traits. Intellect It was generally agreed that leaders are more intellectual than non-leaders and the relationship was shown in the various studies. The relationship could probably begin from the reality that leadership functions largely depend upon careful problem solving. All three leadership roles initiation, speech and management necessitate great mental ability. In general, it is safe to assume that leaders are more intelligent than non-leaders but the relationships are small. Many other variables other than intellect inspire leadership effectiveness. It was also suggested that leaders should not be too intelligent than the group because associates who are notably brilliant than others are rarely chosen as leaders since the other members tend to snub them. Individuals with high IQs are inclined to have different sets of vocabulary, networks and aspirations that would create communication and inter-relations problems. Leaders do extremely well generally at school/college/university and score better grades. It is important for effective leadership to know how to do things. Thus general and practical knowledge are essential. Some studies have revealed the positive relationship between general knowledge and leaderships ability. Characteristic Traits Only a partial of the characteristic traits seem to be related to leadership and most are not especially convincing. It was suggested that the average leader is more used to social displays, greater initiative, persistent, knows how to get things done, self-confident, displays greater cooperativeness and adaptability, and possesses greater verbal skills to facilitate communication.  [3]  Leaders were found to be more emotionally mature than non-leaders in the personality integration or emotional adjustment. It can be concluded that personal characteristics are related to leadership. Effective leadership does not depend on a mixture of personality traits only because situational variables are also important since they always decide whether a character was associated with effective leadership either positively or negatively. Leadership must be considered as an interface of three variables: leaders characteristics, subordinates and nature of the task. Many styles of leadership were defined as a result of the studies of leaders behaviors. One of the earlier studies compared three leadership styles: authoritarian democratic and laissez-faire. The finest researches on the styles of leadership are made together at the same time; i.e. The Ohio State University and the University of Michigan. The researchers acknowledged two leader behaviors that were similar although the investigations were conducted separately. These two dimensions of leadership have been to form an instrument, called the Managerial Grid  [4]  , that has been used for research and training. Authoritarian, Democratic, and Laissez-faire  [5]  Leadership The diverse political systems in the United States and Germany before World War II inspired studies of leadership which evaluated the effects of three leadership styles: authoritarian, democratic, and laissez faire. In the democratic leadership style, decisions were made by vote of majority; equal participation encouraged; criticism and punishment minimal. In the autocratic leader, the leader made all the decisions and others must follow the set procedures strictly. In the laissez-faire leader, there was minimal actual leadership and others were permitted to work and play as usual without proper directives. Initiating Structure and Consideration The two leadership factors were initiating structure and consideration in which consisted of leadership behaviors associated with organizing and defining the work, the work relationships, and the goals. A leader who has structure assigned people to do specific jobs, expected workers to follow set routines and meet deadlines. The consideration factor is showing friendship, mutual trust, warmth and concern for subordinates. Production-Centered and Employee-Centered Leader Behaviors Production centered behaviors were akin to initiating structure in which leaders would establish targets, gave directives, checked on operations and planned the group Employees work. Centered behaviors were similar to the considerations dimension in which the leader would develop a caring personal relationship with the subordinates and encouraged a two-way communication with them. The relationship between production-centered and employee centered behaviors are found to be independent scopes of leadership. A leader with strong production orientation does not mean that he is disinterested in the employees. Managerial Grid  [6]   A conceptual framework combining a concern for task accomplishment and a concern for people was created by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton called the Managerial Grid. Blake and Mouton assumed that the most effective leadership style is demonstrating both concern for production and concern for people. There are leaders primarily more concerned with accomplishing the production and task not concerned about people. This person wants the job done and schedule followed at all costs. There is also individual who is not concerned whether the group produces anything but concerned more about the members personal needs, interests and inter-personal relationships. An ideal leader wants to meet schedules and get the job done but at the same time is highly concerned about the feelings and interests of the group members. The Managerial Grid  [7]  is popular among managers. It is used extensively as part of a training program to assess their leadership style. However, the effectiveness of the Managerial Grid is not consistently supported. The burden of the situation, expectations of other group members and nature of the work performed interact in complicated ways that call for a variety of leadership styles. The leadership style is not always the most effective. SITUATIONAL LEADERSHIP The effectiveness of the different leadership styles must be combined with different organizational factors to assess their effect effectiveness. Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard developed a situational leadership model that combined three variables: (1) the amount of guidance and direction (task behavior) a leader gives; (2) the amount of emotional support (relationship behavior) a leader provides; (3) the readiness level (maturity) that follows, exhibit in performing a specific task or function Four potential leadership styles are created by combining different amounts of task and relationship behaviors. S1: Telling Give instructions and supervise performance closely. Suited for followers who are unwilling but of low maturity. S2: Selling Decide and provide opportunity for explanation. Appropriate for followers who are not able but willing. S3: Participating Sharing ideas in making decisions. Suited for followers who are able but not willing. S4: Delegating Responsibility handed over for decisions and performance. Appropriate for groups who are able and willing. Contingency Theory of Leadership The interaction of the leadership style and the situation. Fiedlers major contributions consist of: (l) identifying the leadership orientation of the leader and developing a way to measure it; and (2) identifying three situational factors influencing leadership and developing a method of measuring them. Leader Orientation Leaders were identified as either relationship-oriented or task-oriented. Relationship-oriented: look at others as coworkers and see close interpersonal relations as a requirement for accomplishing the task. Task-oriented: show a strong emotional reaction against people with whom they have difficulty working. Situational favorableness (1) whether the relationships between the leader and the members are good or bad; (2) the task is relatively well planned or not; and (3) the leaders authority is relatively strong or weak. The second most important situational variable was the task structure which was evaluated by judges who examined four aspects of the task structure. Clarity: which the requirements of the job are clearly stated, Multiplicity: which the problems encounter can be solved. Verifiability: which the correctness of the decisions can be ascertained. Specificity: which there are generally more solutions involved in performing the task. Group effectiveness Relationship-oriented leaders excel in situations of intermediate favorableness where concern for the group members is apparently a necessary prerequisite for motivating them to perform well. In these situations, people want to have leaders who care about them. Task-oriented leaders however are more effective when the situation is either very favorable or very unfavorable. impossible situation. Path-Goal Model Directive leadership: subordinates are told what to expected and specific guidance, standards, and schedules of work provided. Supportive leadership: subordinates are treated equally and concern for their well- being, status, and personal needs; develop pleasant interpersonal relationships among the group members. Achievement-oriented leadership: challenging goals are set and subordinates are expected to perform at their highest level, improvement in performance always. Participative leadership: subordinates are consulted on suggestions and ideas in making decisions. Situational factors Situational factors-the characteristics of the follower and environmental factors. Three characteristics of the followers have been identified as significant variables determining the appropriate leadership style: (1). Locus of control: Internal believe their rewards are based on their own effort. External believe their rewards are controlled by external forces. (2). Authoritarianism: an individuals willingness to accept the influence of others. (3). Abilities: The followers ability and experience influence a leader whether they are able to work with an achievement oriented leader or a supportive leader who patiently encourage and instruct them. The path-goal model identifies three environmental factors moderating the effects of leadership styles: the nature of the task, the formal authority system within the organization; and the group norms and dynamics. These environmental factors can influence the effectiveness of different leadership styles in a variety of ways. Normative Decision-Making Model of Leadership The normative decision-making model is a contingency theory of leadership. It does not assume any leadership style as appropriate for all situations. Leaders must develop a range of leadership styles and take on the style that is most appropriate to the situation. Leaders need to know when to consult others and when consultation is a waste of time. Although the leader may serve as the chairman of the group, the leader is simply one of the groups and does not try to influence the group to adopt a particular solution. Criteria for selecting a leadership style. The criteria used for assessing the efficiency of a leadership style: quality and acceptance. The quality of the decision refers to its accuracy and the extent to which it will achieve some objective. The quality of decisions depends on accurate and relevant information Conferring with other group members often provides additional information. Diagnostic decision rules. Managers choose the most autocratic of the styles to save time and minimize costs. If the aim was to further the subordinates personal development, the participative style is selected. In some strategies, the manager decides alone. At times, the manager makes the decision alone after consulting with the subordinates as an advisory group. Comparing the leadership models. All situational leadership models contribute to our understanding of the leadership by emphasizing the effect of external factors on a particular leadership style. Different leadership styles suggest styles that are determined by various situational factors. The models focus on different methods: different situational factors and different criteria for selecting the best style: task-oriented versus relationship-oriented. The four leadership styles: directive, supportive, participative, and achievement-oriented The normative decision-making model identifies three leadership styles: autocratic, consultative, and participative. The situational factors influencing the effectiveness of leadership are quite different in each of the models. An important reason for some of this difference is that the normative decision- making model equates leadership with making decisions and looks at only this function of leadership. In addition, the models use rather different criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of leadership. DETERMINANTS OF LEADERSHIP EFFECTIVENESS Although deciding what makes an effective leader seems as if it should be a simple decision, however, individuals who are in the positions of leadership are faced with the practical question of deciding which leadership pattern to adopt. Choosing a Leadership Style One of the most popular models for selecting an appropriate leadership style is one that describes a variety of leadership styles along a continuum from highly autocratic to highly participative at the other. The forces in the situation include the culture of the organization. The successful leader is one who is aware of the situational forces and responds accordingly. Effective leaders must understand themselves, the group, company and social environment. Strategies for Improving Leadership Leaders capacity to reward the behavior of followers should not be overlooked and the ability of the followers responds otherwise. For example, organizations reward managers according to the performance of their group. As a result, the managers of high- performing groups are highly rewarded by the organization. Leaders who were more considerate created greater satisfaction among their subordinates; at the same time, changes in the behavior of the leaders could be caused by the performance of the subordinates. Constraints on leader behavior. Leaders have limited opportunities to influence others. Leadership effectiveness is inhibited by a variety of factors. For example the extent managerial decisions are pre-planned due to structure, technological specifications, laws and the absence of available alternatives. Leadership can also be forced by a variety of organizational factors limiting the leaders capability to either communicate with or to reinforce the behavior of the subordinates. The constraints imposed on leaders include external factors organizational policies, group factors, and individual skills and abilities. External factors. Leaders are constrained in what they can do because of various economic realities and a host of state and federal laws. Leaders who have unskilled followers will have difficulty leading irrespective of their leadership style. The availability of skilled followers is subjected to the external labor market. Organizational policies. The organization may limit a leaders effectiveness by hampering the amount of communication between leaders and followers and restricting the leaders ability to reward or punish followers. Group factors. Created by the dynamics of the group. If the group is highly unified and determined, it can limit the leaders ability to influence the group. Individual skills and abilities. The leaders own skills and abilities may act as constraints since leaders can only possess so much expertise, energy, and power. Some situations may simply require greater skills and abilities than the leader may possibly hope to possess. Substitutes for leadership. While some situations constrain leaders other situations make leadership unnecessary. These variables are referred to as substitute variables because they substitute for leadership either by making the leaders behavior unnecessary or by neutralizing the leaders ability to influence subordinates. Leadership is an extremely important function. It has an enormous influence on the value of groups and organizations. The complexity of the situation, however, may prevent us from knowing in advance which will be the most effective leadership behaviors. SUMMARY 1. Leadership refers to increasing influence which occur when an individual manipulates others to do tasks voluntarily which they would not do otherwise. The basic leadership roles include initiation of policy and structure, speech, and management. A need for leadership within organizations stems from the incompleteness of the organization design and the dynamic nature of the internal and external environments. 2. The studies of leadership were mainly studies on traits that tried to identify the characteristics of effective leaders. The studies focused mainly on physical traits, intellect and characteristic. The results were usually weak and inconsistent although some personal characteristics were always related to leadership. Most studies concluded that the characteristics of the subordinate and the nature of the task were as important as the characteristics of the leader in determining success. 3. Another approach to studying leadership set on leader behaviors; i.e. how leaders actually behave. One of the studies compared three leadership styles: authoritarian, democratic and laissez-faire. Although democratic leadership produced the greatest satisfaction, autocratic leadership had the highest levels of productivity. 4. Research conducted simultaneously at two universities identified two similar leadership behaviors. At The Ohio State University the researchers labeled these two leader behaviors initiating structure and consideration. At the University of Michigan the same two factors were labeled production-centered and employee-centered leader behaviors. These two leader behaviors appear to identify leadership functions essential to the effectiveness of a group. The two Factors have been used to form a matrix called the Managerial Grid which places a concern for production on one side of the grid and concern for people on the other. The research evidence does not support this conclusion consistently. 5. The unsuccessful research to identify leadership traits or universally superior leader behaviors caused an emergence of development of four situational theories of leadership. The theories suggest that the most effective leadership style depends upon situational variables particularly the characteristics of the group and the nature of the task. 6. A situational leadership model that matched different combinations of task behavior and relationship behavior with the maturity of the followers. As the followers increase, the appropriate leadership style is telling, selling, participating, and finally for highly mature followers, delegating. 7. The most appropriate leadership style was determined by assessing three situational variables: whether the relationships between the leader and the members were good or poor, the task was structured or unstructured, and the power position of the leader was strong or weak. When these three situational variables created an extremely favorable or extremely unfavorable situation, the most effective leadership style was a task-oriented leader. However, where there were intermediate levels of favorableness, a leader with a high concern for interpersonal relationships was more effective in these situations. 8. The path goal model theory is derived from expectancy theory. It suggests that effective leaders must clarify the target paths and increase its attractiveness for followers. Four distinct leadership styles are proposed in the model: directive, supportive achievement-oriented and participative leadership styles. The style most appropriate depends upon two types of situational factors: the characteristics of the follower and characteristics of the environment. Three of the most important follower characteristics include the locus of control, authoritarianism, and personal abilities. The three environmental factors include the nature of the task, the formal authority system within the organization, and the group norms and dynamics. 9. The three leadership styles include autocratic decision making, consultative decision making, and group decision making. The decision titles determining which style is most appropriate include such questions as whether the leader has adequate information to make the decision alone, whether the subordinates will accept the goals of the organization, whether subordinates will accept the decision if they do not participate in making it, and whether the decision will produce a controversial solution. 10. The influence of the group upon the leader should not be overlooked. The relationship between the leader and the group implies a reciprocal influence. Groups have the capacity to influence the behavior of their leaders by responding selectively to specific leader behaviors. The influence of a leader can also be constrained by several external factors, such as organizational policies, group norms, and individual skills and abilities. Other variables have been found to neutralize or substitute for the influence of a leader, such as the skills and abilities of followers and the nature of the task itself. POSITIONING ON LEADERSHIP CRISIS There are many leadership theories. Arthur G. Jago (1982)  [8]  had proposed a framework that organizes leadership theories based on each theorys focus and approach. Focus refers to whether the leadership is seen as a set of traits or actions. There is a universal formula of traits or behavior for an effective leader. However, effective leadership also depends on specific situations. The kinds of behaviors that leaders can actually perform in a group. The two leader behaviors that have been consistently observed including task-related activities, called initiating structure or production-centered activities, and interpersonal relations activities, sometimes called consideration or employee-centered activities. The incremental influence that one individual exerts upon another and that causes the second person to change his or her behavior voluntarily. Three leadership roles include origination of the structure by top-level managers, interpolation or adapting the structure by middle-level managers and administration or implementation of the policies and procedures by lower-level supervisors. I concur with A. Ange on the presence of leadership crisis but I also foresee the resolutions taken and are still being taken to resolve the problem. Many organizations are spending money in sending their employees to be groomed and trained for future growth of the company whereby they are exposed to different methods of management and how to be great leaders. Leaders are born to leaders but in some circumstances, situations and environments also play a huge role in creating a leader. Leaders come and go and new ones are always on the threshold to take over the empty space. The qualities of the leaders and their leadership styles vary but they are vital in the development and motivation processes of the organizations. There is

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West Africa was soon to be convulsed by the arrival of Europeans and become the advent of the transatlantic slave trade. Ships from Europe, bound for America, appeared on the horizon, and their captains and sailors-carrying muskets, swords, and shackles-landed on the coast, walked up the beach in their strange clothes, looked around, and demanded slaves. A horrific chapter in history had begun, and neither Africa nor America would be the same again. Approximately ten million Africans were brought across the seas to the Americas to be manipulated into slavery. It became apparent that these African men, women and children were meant to generate money. They were meant to work harsh labor, yet they were no longer meant to have a voice. A few Americans took the time to appreciate the hard work performed by the slaves; however, appreciation is a short step in the long road to equality. It was not until the late 19th century that America began to repair the damages done by this immoral trading of human beings. Once the slaves were â€Å"freed† after the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, it did not do much to end the oppression and prejudice against their race. Their freedom did not give them a heart; it did not prove they had soul. This is where their music becomes significant, and this is Blues music. Throughout their music, it took much less time for the black race to prove that they were not unlike the rest of humanity; in f act, they did have a voice, and a haunting one. Once Blues music was not only recognized, but also comprehended, admired and imitated, it opened the gates of immigration, and the nation to this day has matured in its ability to see gray. Included in the mass of faceless slaves, the boats entrapped and migrated a large number of griots. A griot was an African version of the European wandering minstrel. They spent their lives traveling from village to village, playing the role of a musician, storyteller and wise man. They typically carried an instrument similar to a guitar or banjo. However, due to their rapid change in environment, they could no longer sing the songs that they used to sing in their old villages; they invented new songs. The griots invented new songs that addressed their new and terrifying circumstances. Songs about being chained on the ships below deck like animals, about those who did not survive the brutal crossing to New World, and about the homes they would never see again.

Campaign Threats or Implied Promise of Benefits

Did the employer statements constitute an unlawful threat or an unlawful promise in violation of Section 8(a)(1) of the LMRA? Why or why not? Yes, the employer statements were unlawful. The NLRA guaranteed workers the right to join unions without fear of management reprisal. It created the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) to enforce this right and prohibited employers from committing unfair labor practices that might discourage organizing or prevent workers from negotiating a union contract. Employees shall have the right to self-organization, to form, join, or assist labor organizations, to bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing, and to engage in other concerted activities for the purpose of collective bargaining or other mutual aid and protection. Section 8 defines employer unfair labor practices. Employer interference, restraint, or coercion directed against union or collective activity (Section 8(a)(1)), was violated in this case study. Threats, warnings, and orders to refrain from protected activities are forms of interference and coercion that violate Section 8(a)(1). Section 8 also prohibits union unfair labor practices, which include, according to legal construction, failure to provide fair representation to all members of the bargaining unit. The NLRA sets out general rights and obligation. Enforcing the Act in particular situations is the job of the NLRB. Did the questioning or statements by either supervisor Bates or Lofton constitute unlawful interrogation in violation of Section 8(a)(1) of the LMRA? Explain fully why or why not. As mentioned in the first question, yes it was unlawful interrogation. These supervisors were desperately trying to get the employees to vote against the union. In the event that they were successful at having all of their employees to vote against the union, some of them may have been unhappy and treated unfairly. Without representation, an employee will lose most battles against companies, unless they have solid proof of the employer’s wrongdoing. In the case I notice how the supervisors both told employees about the reduction in their benefits. They were trying to use scare tactics because they know people need their benefits. The supervisors seem to want to make these promising decisions when in fact they should have been offering these things to the employees in the first place. It doesn’t make sense to try to make things better to keep from getting the union involved. The plant manager was trying to convince the employees that they are able to handle things without the union getting involved. The manager tried to say that the unions are known for making broken promises, but it seems as if that is what the employer was doing. Develop a set of guidelines for supervisors and managers to follow when speaking to employees during a union organizing campaign. Employers should not threaten employees during an organizing campaign, but economic predictions regarding matters outside of the employer’s control, which are demonstrable, may be made. The employer should refrain from inflaming racial hatred. They should listen to what the employee has to say and advise them that they are able to speak with anyone on the management staff without union representation. They should advise the employees of the benefits that they are currently enjoying; however there is no need to make a threat to take away any benefits or reduce the cost. In the event that an employee is being insubordinate, they will need to continue to follow company’s policies and guidelines; however they will need to make sure they have sufficient evidence to support their decision. The NLRB prohibits employers from holding captive audience meetings 24 hours prior to the election, because insufficient time will exist for the union to respond; therefore if they decide to hold a meeting it will have to be within reasonable times. There should be a social media policy in place and such policy should be clear and understandable to the average employee. The NLRB’s rulings have in large part turned on the ambiguities of social media policies, and the possibility that employees may misunderstand the policies to bar protected activities. A social media policy must not be overbroad. Policies should be narrowly drawn to address the employer’s legitimate policy objectives (for example, preventing the disclosure of the company’s proprietary information via social media or restricting the use of social media to engage in harassing conduct that would violate the company’s anti-discrimination and harassment policies). Employers will not like what the unions are trying to do, but this does not give them the right to talk down on the unions. When employers talk to employees during a union organizing campaign, they will need to be mindful of what they are saying. Sometimes people talk too much and a supervisor or manager could cause an employer to have a lawsuit. Within the guidelines, I suggest the managers and supervisors to keep their negative thoughts to themselves. This will eliminate someone saying the wrong thing and will allow the employees to make a valid decision based on their own thoughts and opinions. Explain fully how the NLRB should rule in this case and why. The NLRB should rule that the employer is in violation because of the things the supervisors said. This may not be the first time or maybe it is; however it should not go unnoticed and that is what some would like to see. In this case, the employees are being threatened about their benefits and wages. They are also making it seem as if they don’t need a union, when in fact they seem to really need someone there to represent the employees. The company also threatened two of the union supporters. When the supervisor advised that if they strike, there are more people waiting for their jobs; apparently that supervisor is not aware of the employee rights with the union behind them. The employer has to hold their jobs when they go on strike.